沖縄で考えたこと
先日大学の同窓会で沖縄に行って来た。一部観光を兼ねた同窓会は「ひめゆりの塔」、「瑞泉の塔」「平和祈念公園」などの戦跡を巡る重苦しい雰囲気の中で始まった。
これらの戦跡は反戦平和のシンボルとして捉えられるのが常であるけれども、それだけの意味だけではないように思える。たまたま昨年の暮れに五百旗真防衛大学校長(猪木ゼミの後輩)の「日米戦争と戦後日本」(講談社学術文庫)、駐タイ国大使の岡崎久彦氏の「吉田茂とその時代」(PHP文庫)を読んだが、その中で「沖縄戦に関してはアメリカ側が敗者意識をもっていた。実質的な敗戦だというのがワシントンの受け止め方だった」と書かれている。つまり、4月1日の米軍沖縄上陸で始まった沖縄戦は4月中に作戦完了の予定であったが、5月に入り、5月中には片付かず、6月にずれ込む。そして6月も下旬の23日になって、ようやく片づいた。3倍の期間をかけたこの戦いは敗北であると、言うのがアメリカ軍部の受け止め方であったという。 それに先立つ硫黄島の戦いは米軍にとってもっと苦すぎる勝利であった。硫黄島を防衛する日本兵2万3千人に対して、米軍は6万5千人を投入して攻撃したが、この死傷者比率はほぼ一対一になったと言う。
硫黄島、沖縄の戦いはアメリカ軍部にとっては失敗した作戦、もしくは苦すぎる勝利としか思えなかったようだ。
硫黄島、沖縄で示された命知らずな抵抗は、はたして予定通り日本本土決戦をやっていいものかどうか、躊躇わせた。その結果が表面上での無条件降伏にも拘わらず、日本の統治機構を温存したままの間接統治になったし、横浜に駐留したアイケルバーガー第八軍司令官は戦時中の日本軍の勇戦に賞賛を惜しまず、「日本軍一個大隊を率いて戦ってみたい」といって憚らなかったという。
硫黄島、沖縄での勇敢な戦いが、その後の占領統治、講和条件に大きく影響したことは否めないであろう。その意味で戦後日本の再出発に当って沖縄の果たした役割は計り知れないものがあり、アーリントン墓地を思わせる戦死者の氏名の刻まれた摩文仁の丘や、その他の戦跡地を訪れ得たことは、真に感慨深いものがあった。
余談になるが、「吉田茂とその時代」の著者:岡崎冬彦氏は日米同盟至上主義、日本一の親米論者と思われているが、この本の中では、米軍の占領統治の極悪非道さを厳しく批判している。
「勝者の生活は、まさに白人が優越を誇ったころのコロニアル・ライフだった。焼け残っているめぼしい邸宅があれば接収し、敗戦国住民を家事使用人として使い、昼はゴルフ、テニス、夜はカクテル・パーティに興じた。そしてその費用は全て日本人の税金であった。」日本国民が飢餓線上をさまよっていた昭和21年の予算案の1/3が占領軍の経費負担だったという。占領軍の婦人たちがパーティの時に胸につける蘭の花までがすべて日本国民の負担であったと言う。この事実は全く知らなかった。米軍は豊富な資金を持ち込んで、占領経費を賄い、その上、食糧危機に瀕したわが国を食糧援助してくれたと思い込んでいた。
さらに同氏は前代未聞の徹底した検閲と巧妙な言論統制と、偉大なる自由主義者石橋湛山さえも追放した公職追放を厳しく糾弾している。それを江藤淳の言葉をひいて、「日本人のアイデンティティと自己の歴史に対する信頼をあらゆる手段を用いて崩壊させずんば止まず、という継続的な意図に支えられたもの」と言うのだ。
上記の2書は確かにその時代には生きてきて、漠然と時代の空気を覚えているが、小学生低学年でしかなかった我々にとって、米軍の占領期に何が起こっていたのかを正確に理解するには、大変有益な書籍だと考える。一読をお勧めする。
また、岡崎氏の「日米同盟至上主義」は上記のような歴史の襞、明暗を知りぬいたうえでの主張であるのであれば、それなりに考え抜いた上での主張で、信頼性があるのではないかと思い直した。その辺が米国留学で洗脳された経済学者の市場原理主義者、グローバル化至上主義者とは一味違うのではないかと思う。
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Comments
力作の原子力ルネッサンスの引き続き、大変参考になりました。
学生時代に沖縄に旅行しました時に、ひめゆりの塔を訪れた記憶があります。
苦しまれた方々の記憶を留めることは大切だとは思いますが、沖縄に住んでいない私としましては、今の沖縄の人の考えというのがまだ理解できておりませんので、ご指摘の本も拝読して考えてみたいと思います。
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